Li Aishe

At the speech at the 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up in China, the discussion of the ticket economy: food tickets, cloth tickets, meat tickets, fish tickets, oil tickets, tofu tickets, non -food books, industrial coupons, etc.Tickets have entered the Museum of History. The problems that have troubled the Chinese people for thousands of years have troubled the Chinese people for thousands of years.

Regarding China's tickets, like me over 50 years old, that is, people born in the 1960s and before, most of them have experienced the shortage of the shortage of tickets represented by ticket certificates, and have unforgettable memories of the shortage of tickets brought about by ticket certificates.The ticket certificate was once regarded by the Chinese people as a second currency, and therefore became a peaceful life ticket with RMB, and even more precious life tickets than banknotes. It interpreted the sadness and joy of too many families, creating a bitter life of many people.

From the examples listed below, you can see the world of Qiankun in the Chinese Fangkou ticket:

First, Xinjiang, China, once issued a 1 -centimeter of cloth tickets, that is, you can buy 1 cm cloth with this ticket. Even the upper of Chinese women's three -inch golden lotus is not enough to cover.It is reported that it is the smallest cloth ticket on the world, and it has won the world's best.

Second, although Beijing Winter Chinese cabbage is the product of the shortage of shortage, after all, there is no ticket constraint.Pickled vegetable tickets can not be used for use, and it is white when buying Chinese cabbage.

Third, even if the bicycle kingdom of that year, China is strictly controlled by the purchase and sale of bicycles. Without a ticket, the three well -known domestic bicycle brands: Flying pigeons cannot soar, Phoenix cannot show wings, or permanently.During the time when former American President Bush, the former US President Bush, was the director of the Liaison Office in China, he also traveled to the streets of Beijing with his wife on the streets of Beijing.Big brand car Mercedes, BMW and Audi.

Where does the ticket come?At the beginning of the founding of the Communist Party of China, since the end of the anti -U.S. and the aid of the DPRK, China has become a problem that China's grain issues have attached great importance to the new regime.In the first few years of the founding of the country, the state has mastered food, mainly for its signs, supplemented by market acquisitions.The proportion of public grain acquisition and market acquisition, from 1951 to 1952, the year of food was 61: 39; from 1952 to 1953, the year of food was 56:44.

By 1953, the demand for agricultural products increased rapidly, and the supply of relatively lack of supply had intensified. Agricultural products became scarce resources, and even caused a food crisis.At that time, Chen Yun, deputy prime minister of the government office, talked about at the expansion meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in October 1953 that the food situation in the country is very serious.Some major grain -producing areas have failed to complete the task of grain acquisition, while the sales of food are continuously rising. The flour in Beijing and Jinjin is not enough to supply, and it must be sold and sold.

In the end, he believed that to solve the problem of food purchase and sales, after weighing the advantages and disadvantages, referring to British experience and wartime experience, suggesting to the CCP's senior management, adopting rural purchase and city distribution plan.The name is called the planned purchase plan, which is referred to as unified purchase.

In this context, in 1953, the Communist Party of China made a major strategic decision. This is to implement unified purchase of agricultural products such as food.In 1953, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the resolutions on food unified purchases and orders on the implementation of grain planning and planned supply. The grain circulation system has entered a period of 31 years of unified purchase sales.The introduction of the unified purchase system was positive in that era.Through unified purchase and uniform sales, the state directly controls agricultural product resources, which greatly improves the supply and guarantee capabilities, and promotes the stability of the new state power.

As for the use of tickets in daily life, a document must also be mentioned: On August 25, 1955, the temporary method of printing the grain quantitative supply certificate passed by the 17th plenary session of the Chinese State Council was printed.Grain stamps entered the Chinese people's family, and then the aforementioned various types of tickets were comprehensively entered into the life of the Chinese people. The essence of nearly half a century was a period of ticket economy with a shortage of shortage.

With the deepening of reform and opening up, China's shortage of economy has disappeared. In 1993, grain and oil realized the open supply, and grain tickets were useless. It was officially declared to stop using it. The ticket economy for nearly 40 years ended.

The aforementioned why China will form a ticket and bring the ticket economy. The following will explain how the ticket economy has the role of the promotion of China's reform and opening up?Discussing this issue still has enlightenment and reflection.

During the critical period of China's economic system reform, in the 1980s, Hungarian economist Janos Kornai's book shortage economics (Economics of Shortage) entered the field of view of Chinese economists. Because of the same socialist country, this book, this bookAs soon as Shufu appeared, it attracted the attention of Chinese scholars, and was once regarded as a Guiyi by some economists: shortage of economy, investing in hunger and thirst, expansion impulse, soft budget constraint hellip; hellip;, etc., and so on.The problem is vividly portrayed.For a while, in the economics community, Coleni shorts became hot words.

Cornah's point of view is mainly: shortage is the unique disease of the socialist planned economic system.

To this end, he discussed the phenomenon, reasons and effects of long -term shortage economy in his works.Although Korna's empirical research has been criticized by some Western scholars as empirical evidence, at the time, for the Chinese scholars who wanted to get rid of the preaching empty argument, Colena started from the actual situation and clarified what the problem is the problem.Analysis, provides a way to learn and learn from capital, and empirical methods of economic research, especially for the reform and opening up in the economic context of the shortage, and have an immediate inspirational role.

Because of Korna's highly sought after, he also appeared at the Bashan Wheel Conference that promoted the reform of China.This meeting, like the early Moganshan conference, is of great significance in the history of China's reform.

According to the memories of relevant people: At the meeting, Colena advocated market coordination with macro -control and obtained the consensus of the participants.In the following month, China set off a Kornen heat.Kerna's reform target model has received widespread attention.In 1986, the Chinese version of the shortage economics was released, and Luoyang paper was expensive, and there was a shortage of shortage of economics.

Colena wrote the preface to the Chinese translation: Understanding reality is always the first step in preparing change.Some scholars pointed out that the impact of this economist and his book on Chinese officials and schools is unprecedented, including enlightenment, and also established the atmosphere of economic empirical research.It may be difficult to make people today understand the shortage of economics.Because traditional socialism has almost no existence, and the shortage does not exist.

However, in the long history of human beings in the 20th century, especially after World War II, hundreds of millions of people in the world have lived in the shortage economy for decades, and those who are difficult to count to starve this period.Chinese people over 40 years old have experience in queuing tickets in the severe cold. The shortage means poverty, and the shortage of support is the most superior traditional system.

The greatness of Korna is that he described and revealed all this; his regret or luck was the described system no longer exist on the earth.In any case, Korna's contribution to the economic thought of the 20th century was unique.

In the same way, when we look back at the reform and opening up again, when the shortage of material shortage triggers the inherent motivation and public opinion foundation of reform; when we examine the strong national strength of China today, look back at the lessons and lessons of the economic reform of the year;When the reform and opening up set the tone step by step, those former experiences and costs will make us pay more attention to the statement of the country, people's livelihood, and stability when we are introduced in the future.

The author is a senior media person in China

The ticket certificate was once regarded by the Chinese people as a second currency, and therefore became a peaceful life ticket with RMB, and even more precious life tickets than banknotes, which interpreted too many familiesHuanzhe has created a bitter life of many people.